Concept and scope of nursing administration and management

Organizations are the integral part of modern societies.We are part of these organizations. We live and work through these organizations. There have been existence from the very beginning of human civilization whenever collective human efforts were required to accomplish some task, organization were formed. Even in their earliest forms, the organizations had their own structures and hierarchies. They had different roles and different levels of authority. They were being co-ordinated and directed by someone. Today we call them manager.The modern organizations are thus, the improved mere formal and sophisticated forms of those traditional organizations.

Management means getting things done through and with the efforts of other people i.e. employers in an organization to achieve the desired organization goal. To manage is to forecast and plan to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control. When management is used as discipline, it is a specialized branch of human knowledge which includes the study of principles and practices of management.

Research in nursing

Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems. The ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine and expand a body of knowledge. Research is a formal, systemic and intensive process of carrying out analysis for the purpose of discovery or development of an organized body of knowledge. It is aimed at the discovery of new facts or collate old facts.

Nursing research is systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to the nursing profession including nursing practice, education, administration and informatics. Nursing research is concerned with systematic investigation of nursing practices itself and of the effect of this practice on patient care and individual, family and community. 

The characteristics of research:

• It is systematic.
• It is based on empiricism.
• It is generalizable.
• It is directed towards solution of problem.
• It demands accurate observation and description.
• It involves gathering new data from primary source or using the existing data for a new purpose.
• It requires carefully design procedures.

In-service education in nursing

In-service education is a planned educational experience provided in the job setting and closely identified with service in order to perform more effectively as a person and as a worker. It is an organized educational program which is offered to trained staff during their period of employments. 

The training is related to the improvement of performance. It is a constant and indispensable part of the National system of continuous education. It facilitates the enhancement, development and updating of knowledge and professional skills. It also offers the possibility of obtaining new skills , qualifications, specialization or professions through degree programs, professional training or vocational experience acquired earlier, as well as giving an opportunity for individual self-study irrespective of one's age.

In-service education must be planned, scheduled documented and hold on the continued basis. It should provide for the improvement of the nursing care and service through increased proficiency and knowledge. Nursing person take outside course and attend convention and workshops that expand their professional horizon. 

Counselling in nursing

Counselling is a specialized service of guidance and basically an enabling process, designed to help an individual come to terms with his/hr life and grow to greater maturity through learning to take responsibility and to make decisions for himself/herself.

Counselling is the helping relationship that includes someone seeking help, someone willing to give help who is capable or trained to help, in a setting that permits help to be given and received. Various media of counselling are regional centers, study centers, face-to-face contact, interview, letters, phones, audio-video cassette, radio, television, broadcast, computers , teleconference, etc.

The process of counselling in nursing:

• Giving guidance or assisting the client in problem-solving.
• Counselling varies with situation to situation.
• Everyone participating in counselling must feel comfortable.
• Situational support will be provided for the client.
• Correct information will be given.
• Assist the client to accept reality.

History of nursing education in Nepal

Along with the changes during the various time periods in society many changes also happened in the health care pattern due to development of science and technology in the medical field. Care was extended from home to institution from the care of sick to promotive and preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care concepts in Nepal. Different concept of health care was introduced in the health care system of Nepal.

Nursing was developed together with the development of medical services. At first Bir Hospital was established in 1947 BS. The hospital authorities realized the need for nurses and midwives to provide care to hospital patients and the four Nepalese girls were sent to India for an 18 month midwifery courses. After returning from training  they were posted to Bir Hospital. Dr. Uma Devi Das and Ms. Rikmini Charan Shrestha were the first registered nurses who did the registered nursing course from India in 2013 B.S. 

The formal training in nursing in Nepal began with the establishment of school of nursing in Surendra Bhawan in 2013 B.S. Maharajgunj campus is considered to be the mother institute for nursing education in Nepal. In 1959, another school of nurses was established under the United Mission to Nepal (UMN) named as Shanta Bhawan School of Nursing. 

The status of nursing was enhanced by the successful completion of PCL nursing by her excellency Princess Prekshya Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah who joined the nursing programme in 1973. In the late nineties the private hospital started opening its own nursing schools. This brought sudden increase in nursing teachers with higher education in the year of 2000. Nineties was the boom decade for nursing campuses. 

Nowadays, nursing education is taken more as an academic programme. Unlike its initial days, there is no need to search for girls and convince them to join nursing. 

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale was the first nurse who gave the real meaning to nursing. During the second world war, many soldiers were wounded in the war. The soldiers needed care and Florence Nigtingale together with other nurses and health staffs provided care to the wounded sloldiers. The care included curative, preventive, promotive services to the soldiers. She used to observe the conditions of the injured soldiers at night carrying the lamp in her hand so she is known as "The lady with the lamp". The contribution given by her is so tremendous in the field of nursing that all the nurses respect her . The theory given by her  i.e. Nightingale's environmental theory which focuses on the impact of environment on treatment of the clients. The environmental conditions included safety, lightening , ventilation, peace, hygiene, etc. Most of the nurses in today's world are following her theory in nursing to provide the best treatment to the clients. The contribution given by her is so much remarkable that her image cannot be forgotten. She also gave funds to the charity and gave hope to other nurses for their bright future.

community health nursing

 Community health nursing is one of the area of nursing in which the focus is on  the care given to the people in community. The community health nursing includes preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative care. Home visiting are also given in this nursing. The various sectors included are immunization, health teaching, family planning,etc. The nurses working in this field are community health nurses. They work in collaboration with FCHVs. The Primary health services are also included in this category. PHC, HP, SHP are some of the health services given in community. Mobile clinics are also launched in distant remote areas. By giving health teaching to the community people on various topics like epidemic diseases, immunization, family planning, first aid and home based treatement, the mortality rate of the country can be decreased to the great extent so the emphasis should be given by the government in the community health nursing. Various policies regarding the upliftment of this nursing should be made by the government in collaboration with various other NGO, INGOs. Community health nursing is one of the major area in nursing which should be emphasized.